鍺材料
Germanium (Ge)
鍺是一種用途廣泛的紅外材料,呈灰白色,不吸濕,無(wú)毒,導(dǎo)熱性很好,擁有優(yōu)秀的表面硬度和良好的強(qiáng)度。鍺材料通常用在2至14 微米范圍光學(xué)系統(tǒng)中。在3-5um和8-14um波長(zhǎng)兩個(gè)紅外大氣窗口具有優(yōu)良的透過(guò)性能。僅是拋光的鍺單晶片,其透過(guò)率可達(dá)到46-48%;經(jīng)過(guò)鍍?cè)鐾改ず,其透過(guò)率可達(dá)到95-98%。在2-6um范圍內(nèi)吸收幾乎與產(chǎn)品厚度無(wú)關(guān),6-12um范圍內(nèi),吸收隨產(chǎn)品厚度與波長(zhǎng)增加而增加。P型鍺對(duì)紅外輻射的吸收較大,故紅外系統(tǒng)多使用N型鍺。鍺作為一種紅外光學(xué)材料的缺點(diǎn)是:隨著溫度增高,吸收會(huì)增強(qiáng)。鍺光學(xué)元件一般限制在低于100瓦的功率下工作,在更高的功率下將容易發(fā)生熱透鏡效應(yīng)和熱失控效應(yīng)。如果能使光學(xué)元件表面清潔無(wú)污染的,并得到合理充分散熱,這些危害可減到最小程度。
光學(xué)性能 | 透光范圍 | 1.8-23 μm | 機(jī)械性能 | 楊氏模量 | 100.0 GPa |
Transmission Range | Young's Modulus | (14 x 106 psi) | |||
體吸收系數(shù) | ≤ 0.03 cm-1 | 斷裂模數(shù) | 93.0 MPa | ||
Bulk Absorption | Rupture Modulus | (13,000 psi) | |||
Coefficient | @ 10.6μm |
Mechanical Properties |
努氏硬度 | 693.0 kg/mm2 | |
Optical Properties | 折射率溫度系數(shù) | 408 x 10-6/°C | Knoop Hardness | ||
Temp. Change of | 泊松比 | 0.27 | |||
Refractive Index | @ 10.6μm | Poisson's Ratio | |||
折射率的不均勻性 | < 4.89×10-5 | 物理性能 | 介電常數(shù) | 16 | |
Refractive Index | Permittivity | ||||
Non-homogeneity | @ 632.8 nm | 熔點(diǎn)oC | 937.4 | ||
熱學(xué)性能 | 導(dǎo)熱率 | 0.59 W/cm/°C | Melting Point | ||
ThermalConductivity | 密度 Density | 5.323 g/cm3 | |||
W/cm/°C @ 20°C | 晶向 crystal | <100>、<110>、<111> | |||
比熱 | 0.31J/g/°C | orientation | |||
Thermal Properties | Specific Heat |
Physical Properties |
電阻率(Ωcm) | 5-40Ω.CM | |
線性膨脹系數(shù) | 5.7 x 10-6/°C | Resistivity | |||
Linear Expansion | 導(dǎo)電型號(hào)Condu- |
N-type |
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Coefficient | @ 20° C | ctive models |
鍺材料折射率(n)
(20°C室溫條件)
光學(xué)折射率 |
Wavelength |
折射率 |
Wavelength |
折射率 |
Wavelength |
折射率 |
Wavelength |
折射率 |
||||||||
(μm) |
n |
(μm) |
n |
(μm) |
n |
(μm) |
n |
|||||||||
2.2 |
4.0879 |
5.0 |
4.0160 |
7.8 |
4.0061 |
10.6 |
4.0028 |
|||||||||
2.4 |
4.0732 |
5.2 |
4.0149 |
8.0 |
4.0057 |
10.8 |
4.0026 |
|||||||||
2.6 |
4.0599 |
5.4 |
4.0139 |
8.2 |
4.0053 |
11.0 |
4.0025 |
|||||||||
2.8 |
4.0523 |
5.6 |
4.0128 |
8.4 |
4.0049 |
11.2 |
4.0024 |
|||||||||
3.0 |
4.0451 |
5.8 |
4.0118 |
8.6 |
4.0044 |
11.4 |
4.0023 |
|||||||||
Indices of Refraction (n) |
3.2 |
4.0399 |
6.0 |
4.0107 |
8.8 |
4.0042 |
11.6 |
4.0023 |
||||||||
3.4 |
4.0311 |
6.2 |
4.0097 |
9.0 |
4.0040 |
11.8 |
4.0022 |
|||||||||
3.6 |
4.0289 |
6.4 |
4.0092 |
9.2 |
4.0038 |
12.0 |
4.0021 |
|||||||||
3.8 |
4.0267 |
6.6 |
4.0087 |
9.4 |
4.0036 |
12.2 |
4.0020 |
|||||||||
4.0 |
4.0245 |
6.8 |
4.0083 |
9.6 |
4.0034 |
12.4 |
4.0020 |
|||||||||
4.2 |
4.0223 |
7.0 |
4.0079 |
9.8 |
4.0033 |
12.6 |
4.0019 |
|||||||||
4.4 |
4.0205 |
7.2 |
4.0074 |
10.0 |
4.0031 |
12.8 |
4.0019 |
|||||||||
4.6 |
4.0189 |
7.4 |
7.0070 |
10.2 |
4.0030 |
13.0 |
4.0018 |
|||||||||
4.8 |
4.0172 |
7.6 |
7.0066 |
10.4 |
4.0029 |
- |
- |
鍺材料透過(guò)率曲線
Germanium Transmission